Fatwa on Christmas Greetings

In Islamic tradition, it’s generally accepted that Muslims can wish Christians “Merry Christmas” or “Happy Christmas.” This practice aligns with Islam’s core values of peace, love, and respect for others, regardless of their religious beliefs. Islam upholds the freedom of religion, as emphasized in the Quran, which states there should be “no compulsion in matters of religion.” This principle is considered fundamental and universally applicable.

In societies where Muslims are the majority, Islam permits non-Muslims to freely practice their religion. This includes having their own places of worship, complete with their religious symbols and practices, celebrating their religious festivals, and even having their own courts to apply their religious laws. Such inclusivity underlines the Islamic principle of a multicultural and pluralistic society, where different communities are granted equal rights and freedoms, as long as they respect the rights of others. The ‘People of the Book,’ a term in Islam referring to Christians and Jews, are afforded equal legal protections and privileges, especially when they contribute to the community, akin to the Islamic Zakat tax, through the Zimma tax.

Islam values social harmony, justice, equality, and security. It permits interfaith marriages, such as a Muslim man marrying a Christian or Jewish woman, based on mutual love and respect. These marriages create deep familial connections and responsibilities, fostering bonds and reciprocal rights among extended family members of different faiths. Kindness, mercy, and courtesy are essential in Islamic law and practices.

Given Islam’s emphasis on close and respectful relationships with people of other faiths, it’s considered appropriate for Muslims to extend holiday greetings to Christians. This view is supported by modern Islamic scholars and organizations like the European Council on Fatwa and Research, Dar al Ifta al Masriyyah, and the late Shaikh Rashid Reda, Shaikh Mustafa al Zarqa and Shaikh Yusuf al Qaradawi and current Shaikh al Azhar Dr. Ahmad al-Tayyib. However, it’s important to note that historical contexts have influenced such rulings. For instance, scholars like Shaikh Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al Qayyim once prohibited such greetings during times of conflict, like the Crusades, viewing them as signs of respect and weakness. But in peaceful contexts, where there is mutual respect and social interaction, such prohibitions are not considered relevant. This perspective underscores the dynamic nature of Islamic jurisprudence, adapting to different historical and social contexts.

Additionally, Christmas is no longer solely a Christian religious holiday as Christmas has evolved to encompass a wide range of cultural and secular practices. While Christmas originated as a celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ in Christianity, over time, it has been embraced by various cultures and communities, incorporating secular traditions and customs beyond its religious roots.

In many parts of the world, Christmas is often celebrated as a cultural event. It includes traditions like exchanging gifts, decorating Christmas trees, sharing meals with family and friends, and the figure of Santa Claus, all of which contribute to its broad cultural appeal. This secular aspect of Christmas allows people from different backgrounds to participate in the festivities, regardless of their religious beliefs. Its primarily secular orientation and cultural characteristics often separate it from its strictly religious origins and implications.

The transformation of Christmas into a more inclusive holiday reflects the dynamic nature of cultural practices, where they evolve and adapt over time, often absorbing elements from different cultures and traditions and transforming into an altogether different phenomenon. This inclusivity can foster a sense of community and shared celebration, even among those who may not observe the religious aspects of the holiday.

The specific traditions associated with Christmas, such as the Christmas tree, have a more direct connection to premodern Germany than ancient Rome or early Christianity. The use of evergreen trees to celebrate winter festivals dates back to ancient times, but the modern Christmas tree tradition is believed to have begun in Germany in the 16th century. The idea of decorating a tree for Christmas spread throughout Germany and then to other parts of Europe and the world.

The date of Christmas does indeed vary among different Christian denominations. This variation primarily stems from the use of different calendars.

Western Christianity: The majority of Christian denominations, including Roman Catholic, Protestant, and many Anglican communities, celebrate Christmas on December 25th. This date follows the Gregorian calendar, which is the calendar system most commonly used today worldwide.

Eastern Christianity: Many Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on January 7th. This date corresponds to December 25th on the Julian calendar, which was in use before the Gregorian calendar was adopted. The Julian calendar currently runs 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Notable exceptions within Eastern Christianity include the Armenian Apostolic Church, which celebrates Christmas on January 6th, and some parts of the Orthodox Church (such as the Greek Orthodox and Bulgarian Orthodox), which have adopted the Revised Julian calendar and celebrate Christmas on December 25th along with the Western Churches.

These differences are a result of historical and theological developments within Christianity.

In Islam, religious practices and beliefs are guided by the teachings of the Quran and the Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad). The concept of what is "haram" (forbidden) and "halal" (permissible) is central to Islamic law, or Sharia. Regarding the celebration of non-Islamic religious festivals like Christmas, Islamic scholars and authorities often have differing opinions, reflecting the diversity within the Muslim community.

For many Muslims, celebrating a religious festival like Christmas, which is not part of Islamic tradition, is generally considered to be haram or at least disliked. This perspective is based on the principle of maintaining the distinct identity and practices of the Islamic faith, and avoiding actions that might be considered as endorsing or participating in the religious beliefs of other faiths.

However, some Islamic scholars and individuals may take a more nuanced view, especially in the context of contemporary global interactions, pluralistic societies, social relations, cultural practices, and interfaith harmony. They might allow participation in non-religious aspects of such celebrations, particularly in multicultural societies, as long as it does not involve engaging in practices that contradict Islamic beliefs.

It's important to note that interpretations and practices can vary widely among Muslims, depending on their cultural background, level of religious observance, and understanding of Islamic law.

The prohibition of celebrating Christmas is connected with a principle in Islamic jurisprudence concerning the imitation (tashabbuh) of non-Muslims, or "kuffar" as they are sometimes referred to. This principle is complex and interpreted in various ways within the Muslim world.

Imitation in Religious Matters: Generally, Islamic scholars agree that Muslims should not imitate non-Muslims in practices that are distinctively part of their religious beliefs and rituals. This is based on several Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), which caution against emulating the practices of non-Muslims in religious matters. The rationale behind this prohibition is to maintain the distinct identity and purity of Islamic practices and beliefs. Wishing a Happy Christmas to a secular Christian, in reality, means happy holidays without many religious insinuations.  

Imitation in Non-Religious Matters: When it comes to cultural, social, or technological aspects that are not inherently tied to religious beliefs or practices, many Islamic scholars consider it permissible for Muslims to adopt or engage in them. This includes things like wearing certain styles of clothing, using technological advancements, or adopting certain non-religious customs and practices that are prevalent in a given society, provided they do not contradict Islamic values and principles.

In the context of celebrating non-Islamic holidays like Christmas, opinions vary significantly among scholars. Some argue that participating in any aspect of a non-Islamic religious holiday may implicitly involve endorsing or participating in non-Islamic beliefs, and thus should be avoided. Others, especially in multicultural and diverse societies, may take a more accommodating stance, allowing participation in social or cultural aspects of such holidays as long as it does not involve religious rituals or contradict Islamic teachings.

Ultimately, the interpretation of what constitutes impermissible imitation in Islam can vary, and Muslims often look to religious scholars or authorities within their own community for guidance on such matters. The diversity of opinions reflects the broader diversity within the global Muslim community. I agree with the group of jurists that emphasizes reciprocity, kindness and generosity.

Reciprocity is a crucial aspect of successful multicultural and pluralistic societies. In such societies, which are characterized by the presence of multiple cultural, religious, and ethnic groups, reciprocity plays a vital role in fostering mutual respect, understanding, and trust. Here's how it contributes to a harmonious coexistence:

Mutual Respect: Reciprocity involves acknowledging and respecting the values, traditions, and beliefs of others, just as one would expect theirs to be respected. This mutual respect helps in creating an environment where different groups feel valued and understood. Many non-Muslims are courteous and considerate enough to wish us Happy Ramadan and Happy Eid. Islam is far more considerate than not allowing Muslims to reciprocate kindness.  The Quran commands: “When you are greeted with a greeting, respond with a better greeting, or return it. God keeps count of everything.” 4:86. Ibn Abbas (RA) insisted that the verse included greetings of Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians and others.

Trust Building: When members of different cultural or religious groups show willingness to engage with and understand each other, it builds trust. Trust is fundamental for social cohesion and for the peaceful resolution of conflicts.

Social Integration: Reciprocal interactions and exchanges among diverse groups facilitate social integration and networking. They help in breaking down stereotypes and prejudices, thereby promoting a more inclusive society.

Learning and Adaptation: Reciprocity in a multicultural context encourages learning from one another. Exposure to different perspectives and ways of life can lead to greater societal adaptability and innovation.

Conflict Resolution: In a setting where reciprocal respect is the norm, conflicts are more likely to be resolved through dialogue and mutual understanding, rather than through confrontation or force.

Civic Participation: Reciprocity fosters a sense of belonging and encourages active civic participation. When people feel that their culture and beliefs are respected, they are more likely to contribute positively to the community. I have profound respect and sincere gratitude for the ethical guidance and moral leadership provided by numerous Christians, Jews, and individuals from other faiths concerning the ongoing crisis in Gaza. Acknowledging their spiritual sentiments and extending messages of love and peace during their festive seasons is a basic yet meaningful way for Muslims to return the favor of their kindness and ethical guidance. This reciprocity will enhance civic engagement in matters of goodness and piety, as the Quran commands.

Promoting Tolerance: A reciprocal approach in multicultural settings promotes tolerance, as it involves recognizing the rights of others to have different views and practices. Religious and social tolerance is fundamental to the Quranic worldview and the aspired egalitarian society.

Reciprocity is not just about tolerating differences, but actively engaging with and respecting them. It's a dynamic process that requires continuous effort and openness from all sides. Such an approach is essential for the health and vitality of any diverse society, as it lays the foundation for peaceful coexistence and shared prosperity.

Multifaith reciprocity is aligned with many teachings within Islam that encourage compassionate and respectful interactions between Muslims and non-Muslims, except in situations of active warfare or hostility. This perspective is grounded in several principles and teachings of Islam:

Common Humanity: Islam emphasizes the common origin of all humanity. The Quran states that all humans are created from a single soul (Surah An-Nisa 4:1), promoting the idea of universal brotherhood and sisterhood. The Muslims and Christians enjoy additional connections in Abraham and Jesus. The Quran categorically pinpoints the potential of mutual love and affection between the two communities. “You will find that the people most hostile towards the believers are the Jews and the polytheists. And you will find that the nearest in affection towards the believers are those who say, “We are Christians.” That is because among them are priests and monks, and they are not arrogant.” (5:82)  

Respect and Kindness: The Quran instructs Muslims to treat people of all faiths with respect and kindness, as long as they are not hostile towards Muslims. For example, Surah Al-Mumtahanah (60:8) states that God does not forbid Muslims from being kind, compassionate, and just to those who have not fought them over religion or driven them out of their homes. The Quranic verse's call for loving compassion emphasizes the need for politeness, generosity, mutual respect, and benevolence towards individuals of different faiths, going above and beyond what is required. This inherent loving compassion should be a defining characteristic of interactions between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Interfaith Dialogue: The Quran also encourages dialogue and understanding between different faiths. Surah Al-Imran (3:64) invites people of other faiths to come to common terms of understanding. Commonalities are fostered by mutual courtesy and a heightened sense of caring and sharing. The Prophet (SAW) showed utmost courtesy, hospitality and generosity to the Christian delegation of Najran despite disagreeing with their Trinitarian, incarnational theology and polytheistic practices. He served them food with his own blessed hands and allowed them Christian, polytheistic worship services in his blessed mosque. Human courtesy and reciprocity are foundational to interfaith dialogue emphasized by the Quranic text and prophetic model.

Prophet Muhammad’s Example: The life of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) provides many examples of interactions with non-Muslims characterized by fairness, justice, and compassion. He made treaties with non-Muslim communities and respected their religious practices. He accepted gifts from the Christian king of Egypt and greatly appreciated such acts of generosity. 

Protection of Non-Muslim Rights: Islamic law historically protected "dhimmis" (non-Muslims living in Muslim lands), including the right to practice their religion and be part of the social fabric.

Prohibition of Compulsion in Religion: The Quran states in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:256) that there is no compulsion in religion, indicating that faith is a personal matter and should not be forced. Religious freedoms and rights are given, protected, and preserved by the Quran itself.

However, interpretations and applications of these teachings can vary in different cultural and historical contexts. It's important to note that while the foundational texts provide guidance, the way these principles are lived out can be influenced by a range of factors, including local cultural practices, socio-political contexts, and individual understanding. The strict, prohibitive fatwas of Imam Ibn Taymiyyah and his student Ibn al Qayyim should be understood in the context of Crusade hostilities, aggression, and destruction.

Additionally, Islam does indeed permit Muslim men to marry women from the People of the Book, a term used in the Quran to refer to Jews and Christians. This allowance is based on the shared monotheistic traditions despite differences and certain shared values and beliefs among these Abrahamic faiths.

The act of saying "Merry Christmas" to a Christian, such as a spouse, can be seen as part of the broader context of interfaith respect and courtesy. In a marriage between a Muslim and a Christian, such gestures of acknowledgment can be important for the following reasons:

Respect and Understanding: Expressing well-wishes on significant religious or cultural occasions can be a sign of respect and understanding towards the partner’s beliefs and traditions. How could one love a spouse or respect her by violating her religious sensitivities or ignoring her religious holidays?

Harmonious Living: For the success of an interfaith marriage, it's often essential to acknowledge and respect each other’s religious observances and celebrations. This creates a harmonious and supportive environment.

Fostering Good Relations: Saying "Merry Christmas" can be seen as a way to foster goodwill and maintain positive relationships, not just within the family but also with the broader community. One does not have to believe in the Trinity, sonship or godhead of Jesus to be socially or humanly courteous. Early Muslim migrants to Christian Abyssinia were appreciative of and courteous to the Christian King Negus and his priests. Negus’ secret conversion to Islam was far later than the original encounters.

Distinction Between Participation and Acknowledgment: Many Islamic scholars differentiate between actively participating in the religious rituals of other faiths (which might be discouraged) and offering greetings or acknowledgments on cultural or religious occasions, which is generally seen as a gesture of goodwill. However,
it's important to note that interpretations and practices can vary among Muslims. Some may feel comfortable offering such greetings as a sign of respect and goodwill, while others might have reservations based on their understanding of religious principles. As in many aspects of interfaith interactions, personal discretion, mutual respect, and the specific context play significant roles in determining the appropriate course of action. Both parties should tolerate each other.