George Bethune English: From Christian Minister to American Muslim Pioneer

Early Life and Crisis of Faith

George Bethune English, a prominent figure in early 19th-century America, led a remarkable life that traversed the realms of religion, diplomacy, and adventure. Born in Cambridge, Boston, in 1787, English embarked on a journey of self-discovery that ultimately led him to convert to Islam and become the first American Muslim. His story is one of intellectual transformation, dedication to his newfound faith, and significant contributions to American diplomacy during a time of global upheaval.

George English’s early years were marked by academic excellence and a deep commitment to Christian theology. He pursued his education at Harvard University, where he earned a Master’s degree in divinity, specializing in Christian theology. English’s academic pursuits, combined with his ordination as a minister, positioned him firmly within the Christian establishment of his time. However, it was during his theological studies at Harvard that English began to harbor doubts about central Christian dogmas.

English’s misgivings centered on core Christian beliefs such as the Trinity, the Crucifixion, Original Sin, and the concept of atonement through bloodshed. As he delved deeper into theological matters, his confidence in the authenticity and validity of the New Testament waned. While he retained his belief in the Old Testament, he found himself increasingly at odds with the foundational tenets of Christianity. English’s theological doubts and intellectual struggles led to a pivotal moment in his life when he decided to articulate his dissent in writing.

“The Grounds of Christianity Examined” and Excommunication

In his influential work, “The Grounds of Christianity Examined,” George English articulated his reservations about central Christian doctrines. This courageous and intellectual endeavor aimed to challenge the prevailing religious orthodoxy. English’s publication, however, came at a cost. His open dissent against traditional Christian beliefs, especially within the Church of Christ, led to his excommunication in 1814. This ecclesiastical censure not only severed his ties with the church but also jeopardized his prospects for any future employment that required public approval or acceptance.

A New Beginning: Conversion to Islam

In 1815, George English’s life took an unexpected turn when his close friend, President James Madison, appointed him as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. This appointment set English on a new path, one that would take him to the Mediterranean and, eventually, to Egypt.

It was during his time in Egypt that English had the opportunity to study Islam, a religion he had previously known only from a distance. As he engaged in a period of reflection and exploration, English found himself increasingly drawn to the principles of Islamic monotheism, creed, and acts of worship, particularly the five daily prayers. His profound spiritual journey culminated in his conversion to Islam, and he adopted the name Mohammad Afendi.

Renouncing his Christian faith and resigning from his military commission, English joined Ismail Pasha’s army. This marked the beginning of his immersion into Islamic culture, language, and theology. English’s dedication to his newfound faith was unwavering, and he devoted himself to learning Arabic, studying the Qur’an, and becoming well-versed in Islamic law and customs.

Becoming an Islamic Scholar and Military Leader

George English’s journey as Mohammad Afendi led him to become not only a devout Muslim but also a proficient scholar of Islam. He immersed himself in the Arabic language and became intimately acquainted with the Qur’anic text. His passion for Islamic knowledge was so profound that he was often seen reading the Qur’an even during military expeditions.

In addition to his linguistic and religious pursuits, English played a pivotal role in revamping Ismail Pasha’s artillery. His expertise in military matters saw him rise to the position of one of the chief artillery officers in the army. English’s contributions extended beyond the military realm; he authored the “Narrative of the Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar” in 1822, documenting his experiences during the River Nile’s expedition. This narrative garnered the attention of prominent American figures, including Presidents George Washington, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson.

A Multilingual Diplomat

English’s dedication to Islamic scholarship extended to language acquisition. In addition to Arabic, he mastered Turkish, the language of the Ottoman Empire. His fluency in Turkish was so impressive that even the Ottoman ambassador to London was unable to discern that English, or Mohammad Afendi, was not a native of the Turkish Empire.

English’s commitment to Islam went beyond personal devotion. He actively engaged in theological debates, particularly with American missionaries stationed in Egypt and Istanbul, who sought to reconvert him to Christianity. He demonstrated a profound understanding of Islamic theology, law, history, and customs, staunchly defending the validity of Islamic teachings.

Diplomatic Mission and Contributions

After serving Ismail Pasha, George English returned to his native country with a wealth of knowledge about Islam and the Middle East. In a testament to his unique expertise, President John Adams appointed him to the Diplomatic Corps of the United States in the Levant. His mission was to utilize his Islamic background and expertise to secure a crucial U.S.-Ottoman treaty.

Upon his arrival in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, on November 5, 1823, English conveyed a private message from President Adams to Ottoman officials. This message emphasized that in America, a “Mussalman” citizen would enjoy the same rights as a Christian citizen. English’s deep understanding of the Turkish language, customs, and customs allowed him to navigate the complexities of Ottoman diplomacy with great finesse.

English’s diplomatic efforts bore fruit when he successfully negotiated the first trade agreement between the United States and the Ottoman Empire. This agreement, with an estimated trade value of nearly $800,000 in 1822, marked a significant milestone in American-Ottoman relations. His proficiency in Turkish and Islamic knowledge played a pivotal role in securing this treaty, even against the opposition of the British Crown.

A Proud American and Muslim Pioneer

Throughout his life, George Bethune English, known as Mohammad Afendi in the Islamic world, remained unwavering in his commitment to Islam. He saw himself as a bridge between two worlds, proudly embracing both his American identity and his Muslim faith. Despite facing pressure to renounce his Islamic identity during the years 1827 and 1828 from fellow diplomats in Washington, he steadfastly defended the validity of Islamic teachings.

George Bethune English’s legacy is one of intellectual courage, spiritual transformation, and diplomatic achievement. His journey from a Christian minister to the first American Muslim pioneer is a testament to the power of individual conviction and the enduring quest for truth. His contributions to diplomacy, particularly in securing the U.S.-Ottoman treaty, highlighted the importance of cultural understanding and expertise in international relations. George Bethune English’s life story continues to inspire those who seek to bridge cultural and religious divides in pursuit of a more inclusive and interconnected world.